Difference between revisions of "Assignment 9, Part 1: model function"

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But what is <math>f(t)</math> in this case? If you think about it, our model is becoming a bit circular. We are trying to ''find'' an expression for the fluorescence as it depends on time and temperature, but we need to ''already know'' the fluorescence in order to effectively model photobleaching? Kind of weird... It turns out this stuff happens all the time and we can solve the problem iteratively. That is, we can start with a somewhat-decent guess for <math>f(t)</math>, and use it to calculate a better guess for <math>f(t)</math>. To first-order, we already have a decent guess of the functional form of <math>f(t)</math> in our expression for <math>C_{ds}</math>. Using the <tt>DnaFraction</tt> function as a proxy for <math>f(t)</math> here works relatively well.
 
But what is <math>f(t)</math> in this case? If you think about it, our model is becoming a bit circular. We are trying to ''find'' an expression for the fluorescence as it depends on time and temperature, but we need to ''already know'' the fluorescence in order to effectively model photobleaching? Kind of weird... It turns out this stuff happens all the time and we can solve the problem iteratively. That is, we can start with a somewhat-decent guess for <math>f(t)</math>, and use it to calculate a better guess for <math>f(t)</math>. To first-order, we already have a decent guess of the functional form of <math>f(t)</math> in our expression for <math>C_{ds}</math>. Using the <tt>DnaFraction</tt> function as a proxy for <math>f(t)</math> here works relatively well.
  
==Thermal quenching==
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{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=Write functions in MATLAB called SimulatePhotobleaching to model ''S(t)'', the expression for photobleaching. You are welcome to use the following template as a guide, but note that you may need to alter the input and/or output parameters of these functions to suit your final purpose. }}
LC Green I fluoresces less efficiently at higher temperatures. The decrease in fluorescence is approximately linear. Defining the dye efficiency at the initial temperature to be 1, quenching can be modeled by:
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::<math>\left . Q(t)=1-K_{quench}[T_{sample}(t)-T_{sample}(0)]\right .</math>
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==Instrument gain and offset==
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There are several optical and electronic gain factors built into the DNA melter that determine the instrument responsively, &part;''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' / &part; ''C<sub>ds</sub>''. In addition, ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' may be offset from zero when ''C<sub>ds</sub>'' concentration is zero.
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* ''K<sub>gain</sub>'' is equal to the change in ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' divided by the change in fraction of dsDNA. This is assumed to be constant.
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* ''K<sub>offset</sub>'' is equal to the value of ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' when the dsDNA concentration is zero.
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==Expression for model ''V<sub>f,model</sub>==
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::<math>\left . V_{f,model}(t) = K_{gain} S(t) Q(t) C_{ds}(T_{sample}(t), \Delta H^\circ, \Delta S^\circ) + K_{offset}\right .</math>
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''C<sub>ds</sub>'' is the model melting curve produced by the <code>DnaFraction</code> function from part 1 of the lab. Differences between the model and the observations are precisely visualized on a residual plot, described below.
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In a similar fashion, write functions in MATLAB for ''S(t)'', the expression for photobleaching, and ''Q(t)'', the expression for thermal quenching. You are welcome to use the following templates as a guide, but note that you may need to alter the input and/or output parameters of these functions to suit your final purpose.  
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<pre>
 
<pre>
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end
 
end
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</pre>
  
 +
==Thermal quenching==
 +
LC Green I fluoresces less efficiently at higher temperatures. The decrease in fluorescence is approximately linear. Defining the dye efficiency at the initial temperature to be 1, quenching can be modeled by:
 +
 +
::<math>\left . Q(t)=1-K_{quench}[T_{sample}(t)-T_{sample}(0)]\right .</math>
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{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=Write functions in MATLAB called SimulateThermalQuenching to model ''Q(t)'', the expression for thermal quenching. You are welcome to use the following template as a guide, but note that you may need to alter the input and/or output parameters of these functions to suit your final purpose.
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}}
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<pre>
 
function SimulatedQuenchingOutput = SimulateThermalQuenching( Kquench, InputData )
 
function SimulatedQuenchingOutput = SimulateThermalQuenching( Kquench, InputData )
 
      
 
      
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end
 
end
 
</pre>
 
</pre>
 +
 +
==Instrument gain and offset==
 +
There are several optical and electronic gain factors built into the DNA melter that determine the instrument responsively, &part;''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' / &part; ''C<sub>ds</sub>''. In addition, ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' may be offset from zero when ''C<sub>ds</sub>'' concentration is zero.
 +
 +
* ''K<sub>gain</sub>'' is equal to the change in ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' divided by the change in fraction of dsDNA. This is assumed to be constant.
 +
* ''K<sub>offset</sub>'' is equal to the value of ''V<sub>f,measured</sub>'' when the dsDNA concentration is zero.
 +
 +
==Expression for model ''V<sub>f,model</sub>==
  
 
Once you have all the pieces, put everything together into a single model function representing:
 
Once you have all the pieces, put everything together into a single model function representing:
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In order for the function to be compatible with MATLAB's <tt>nlinfit</tt>, the first input argument must be a vector containing all the parameters to be fitted, and the second argument must contain a vector/matrix of the independent variable(s). Don't forget to include parameters for the instrument gain and offset, and <math>\Delta H^\circ, \Delta S^\circ</math>, as well as the bleaching, quenching, and thermal time constants.
 
In order for the function to be compatible with MATLAB's <tt>nlinfit</tt>, the first input argument must be a vector containing all the parameters to be fitted, and the second argument must contain a vector/matrix of the independent variable(s). Don't forget to include parameters for the instrument gain and offset, and <math>\Delta H^\circ, \Delta S^\circ</math>, as well as the bleaching, quenching, and thermal time constants.
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{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message= Write a MATLAB function representing ''Vfmodel'' that takes in two arguments, the Parameters vector, and your independent variable(s), InputData.)}}
  
 
<pre>
 
<pre>
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</pre>
 
</pre>
  
{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message= your code (after having tested it in part 2)}}
 
 
{{Template:Assignment 9 navigation}}
 
{{Template:Assignment 9 navigation}}

Revision as of 19:08, 1 November 2017

20.309: Biological Instrumentation and Measurement

ImageBar 774.jpg


In Part 1 of this assignment, you will write your model function

Sample temperature

The DNA melter measures the temperature of the metal heating block, not of the sample. Because the glass vial has high thermal resistance, the sample temperature significantly lags the heating block temperature. A simple, lumped-element circuit model can predict the sample temperature to within about 0.5°C based on the block temperature history.

The state variables in a thermal circuit model are temperature T and heat flow q. A fundamental assumption of lumped element models is that each element has a single value of both state variables. Because of this assumption, lumped element models only work well if the bodies you are modeling have a nearly uniform temperature. Components that are small in size, have high thermal conductivity, and have low heat transfer coefficients are most suitable for lumped element modeling. These attributes are summarized by the Biot number, Bi=hl/k, where h is the heat transfer coefficient, l is the characteristic length of the body (volume divided by surface area), and k is the thermal conductivity of the material. Bodies with Biot numbers less than 1 are good candidates for lumped element models. The Biot number for the heating block is on the order of 6x10-3, assuming h=50 W/m2 K, l=3 cm, and k=235 W/m K. This is much less than one, so the heating block is a good candidate for a lumped element model. The Biot number for the glass vial is about 0.03 (h=10.5 W/m2 K, l=3 mm, and k=1.05 W/m K).

The DNA melter measures the heating block's temperature directly. The heating block has a much higher thermal capacity than the sample, so a temperature source is a good model for the block.

The model neglects the heat capacity of the vial.

Lumped element model of thermal cycler.

The thermal circuit model for the heating system is shown in the figure on the right. The circuit is a first-order, low-pass filter. In this circuit, a step increase in block temperature causes the sample temperature to rise exponentially to a peak value of Kthermal with time constant τthermal.

The transfer function of the low-pass filter has two parameters:

$ \frac{\hat{T}_{sample}(\omega)} {\hat{T}_{block}(\omega)}=\frac{K_{thermal}}{j \omega \tau_{thermal} + 1} $.
  • Kthermal is the low frequency gain of the system.
  • τthermal is the time constant.
Block temperature, measured sample temperature, and model sample temperature. Sample temperature was measured by immersing an RTD in the DNA solution.
$ V_{f,measured} $ versus model sample temperature, $ \theta_{sample} $.

Implementation

MATLAB includes several functions for simulating continuous-time, linear, shift-invariant (CTLSI) systems. You can write the transfer function of a CTLSI system as the ratio of two polynomials in $ s $, where $ s=j\omega $. For example, the transfer function of a low-pass filter can be expressed in the form $ H(\omega)=\frac{1}{\tau s+1}=\frac{1}{\tau j \omega+1} $. The MATLAB function tf constructs a software object that represents a CTLSI transfer function. tf takes two arguments that specify the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials. The arguments must be formatted as vectors containing the coefficients of $ s $ in order of decreasing power. For example, the transfer function $ \frac{1}{60 s + 1} $ can be created by:

>> exampleTransferFunction = tf( 1, [ 60 1 ] )
exampleTransferFunction =
 
     1
  --------
  60 s + 1
 
Continuous-time transfer function.

Several functions operate on continuous-time transfer function objects. For example bode and impulse generate bode and impulse response plots as expected. (Perhaps the Vice President of Inconsistent Naming at MathWorks was out sick the day those functions were named.) There is also a CTLSI simulator called lsim that will be useful for deriving the sample temperature from the block temperature using a lumped-element model of the thermal low-pass system realized by the heating block, glass vial, and sample. (Seems like the Director of Inconsistencies was back in the office when lsim got named.)

The SimulateLowPass MATLAB function below uses lsim to produce the simulated output of a low-pass filter given its time constant, a vector of input values, and an optional vector of time values. If supplied, the time vector must be the same length as the input vector (i.e. each time value corresponds to one input value). If no time vector is passed, the function generates a time vector assuming that the input values are sampled uniformly at ten times per second, starting at $ t=0 $. The DNA melter software produces ten samples per second.

function SimulatedTemperatureOutput = SimulateLowPass( TimeConstant, InputData, TimeVector )
    if( nargin < 3 )
        TimeVector = (0:(length(InputData)-1))/10;
    end

    transferFunction = tf( 1, [TimeConstant, 1] );

    initalTemperature = InputData(1);
    InputData = InputData - initalTemperature;

    SimulatedTemperatureOutput = lsim( transferFunction, InputData, TimeVector' ) + initalTemperature;
end

The function subtracts off the initial value before running the simulation and than adds the initial value back in after the simulation. This is a cheesy way to handle initial conditions — setting the temperature zero point to be equal to the initial temperature. This is equivalent to assuming that the block has been at its initial temperature during the time interval $ t = [ -\infty, 0 ) $.

Photobleaching

Excited dye molecules can react chemically with compounds in their environment and permanently lose their ability to fluoresce — a phenomenon called photobleaching. LED and ambient light illuminate the LC Green dye for 15 or more minutes over the course of a single melting and annealing cycle, which results in measurable photobleaching. The effect of photobleaching can be approximated by a mathematical model.

Assumptions

  • The dye is divided into two populations, bleached and unbleached, with concentrations S and S
  • The initial dye concentration is S + S.
  • Only dye molecules bound to dsDNA may be excited.
  • Only excited fluorophore molecules bleach.
  • An excited fluorophore will either bleach with probability p or return to the ground state with probability 1-p.
    • The constant 1-p encompasses all of the mechanisms by which the fluorophore returns to the ground state unbleached, including fluorescence, phosphorescence, and non-radiative relaxation.
  • Bleaching is irreversible.
  • The number of molecules in the excited state is proportional to fluorescence.
  • Bleached and unbleached molecules bind to dsDNA with the same affinity.

Model

Under these assumptions, the bleaching rate is proportional to fluorescence.

$ \frac{\partial \bar{S}}{\partial t} = K_{bleaching} f(t) $

Kbleaching encompasses several constants, including $ p $, illumination intensity, optical gain of the instrument, and lock-in amplifier gain.

Setting the initial dye concentration to 1, the fraction of unbleached LC Green can be calculated by integrating:

$ S(t)=1-\bar{S}(t)=1-K_{bleaching}\int_0^t f(t) \mathrm{d}t $

Implementation

A simple way to approximate an integral in discrete time is a cumulative sum: $ \int_0^t f(t) \approx \sum_{n=1}^{f F_s}f(n T_s) $, where $ F_s $ is the sample rate. This works particularly well when the signal changes slowly relative to the sample period. It's a good bet that the bleaching time constant is much longer than the 0.1 s sample period. MATLAB has a built-in function for computing cumulative sums called cumsum. Here is an example:

>> cumsum( 1:10 )
ans =
     1     3     6    10    15    21    28    36    45    55

cumsum will generate a very good numerical approximation to $ \int_0^t f(t) \mathrm{d}t $.

But what is $ f(t) $ in this case? If you think about it, our model is becoming a bit circular. We are trying to find an expression for the fluorescence as it depends on time and temperature, but we need to already know the fluorescence in order to effectively model photobleaching? Kind of weird... It turns out this stuff happens all the time and we can solve the problem iteratively. That is, we can start with a somewhat-decent guess for $ f(t) $, and use it to calculate a better guess for $ f(t) $. To first-order, we already have a decent guess of the functional form of $ f(t) $ in our expression for $ C_{ds} $. Using the DnaFraction function as a proxy for $ f(t) $ here works relatively well.


Pencil.png

Write functions in MATLAB called SimulatePhotobleaching to model S(t), the expression for photobleaching. You are welcome to use the following template as a guide, but note that you may need to alter the input and/or output parameters of these functions to suit your final purpose.


function SimulatedBleachingOutput = SimulatePhotobleaching( Kbleach, InputData )

    ...

end

Thermal quenching

LC Green I fluoresces less efficiently at higher temperatures. The decrease in fluorescence is approximately linear. Defining the dye efficiency at the initial temperature to be 1, quenching can be modeled by:

$ \left . Q(t)=1-K_{quench}[T_{sample}(t)-T_{sample}(0)]\right . $


Pencil.png

Write functions in MATLAB called SimulateThermalQuenching to model Q(t), the expression for thermal quenching. You are welcome to use the following template as a guide, but note that you may need to alter the input and/or output parameters of these functions to suit your final purpose.


function SimulatedQuenchingOutput = SimulateThermalQuenching( Kquench, InputData )
    
    ...

end

Instrument gain and offset

There are several optical and electronic gain factors built into the DNA melter that determine the instrument responsively, ∂Vf,measured / ∂ Cds. In addition, Vf,measured may be offset from zero when Cds concentration is zero.

  • Kgain is equal to the change in Vf,measured divided by the change in fraction of dsDNA. This is assumed to be constant.
  • Koffset is equal to the value of Vf,measured when the dsDNA concentration is zero.

Expression for model Vf,model

Once you have all the pieces, put everything together into a single model function representing:

$ \left . V_{f,model}(t) = K_{gain} S(t) Q(t) C_{ds}(T_{sample}(t), \Delta H^\circ, \Delta S^\circ) + K_{offset}\right . $

Here, Cds is the model melting curve produced by the DnaFraction function from part 1 of the lab.

In order for the function to be compatible with MATLAB's nlinfit, the first input argument must be a vector containing all the parameters to be fitted, and the second argument must contain a vector/matrix of the independent variable(s). Don't forget to include parameters for the instrument gain and offset, and $ \Delta H^\circ, \Delta S^\circ $, as well as the bleaching, quenching, and thermal time constants.


Pencil.png

Write a MATLAB function representing Vfmodel that takes in two arguments, the Parameters vector, and your independent variable(s), InputData.)


function SimulatedOutput = Vfmodel( Parameters, InputData )
    tauThermal = Parameters(1);
    Kbleach = Parameters(2);

    ...

end

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