Difference between revisions of "20.109(S14):Design experiment (Day1)"

From Course Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
m (16 revisions: Transfer 20.109(S14) to HostGator)
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
  
 
<div style="padding: 10px; width: 640px; border: 5px solid #FF6600;">
 
<div style="padding: 10px; width: 640px; border: 5px solid #FF6600;">
−
 
−
=<center>Growth of phage materials</center>=
 
−
==Today's Goals:==
 
−
Isolate bacteriophage from bacterial culture, measure phage concentration, and complex phage with either carbon nanotubes or gold nanoparticles at the assigned ratios.
 
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
−
[[Image:Abalone.jpg|thumb|left|225 px| Abalone shell]]
+
 
−
[[Image:Diatoms.jpg|thumb|center|250 px| Diatoms]]
+
Today we will continue the discussion that we began in lecture about cell-biomaterial interactions and cartilage tissue engineering, with the ultimate goal of designing an experiment probing chondrocyte phenotype development and/or maintenance. Several papers on chondrocyte tissue culture and cartilage tissue engineering will be available in class, and you are also welcome to search the scientific literature on your own for further ideas.
 +
 
 +
A major part of this module will involve tissue culture; however, instead of growing cells on a 2D surface, you will grow them in 3D! During Module 2 you were exposed to general background about tissue culture (particularly in the Day 1 introduction). One topic that we didn't yet discuss is much about immortalized cells and where they come from. One familiar type of immortalized cell is the cancer cell. Tumor cells continuously divide, allowing cancer to invade tissues and proliferate. In this respect, cancer cells behave the same way in culture as ''in vivo'', and under the right conditions cells taken from a tumor can divide indefinitely ''in vitro''. Another type of immortalized cell is the embryonic stem cell.  Embryonic stem cells are derived from an early stage embryo, and these cells are completely undifferentiated and pluripotent, which means that under the right conditions, they can become any mammalian cell type. Mouse embryonic stem cells have become a valuable research tool. They are also our go-to cell type when we do practice tissue culture in 20.109, as they grow even faster and more densely than CHO cells! You will not use embryonic stem cells during Module 3, but you will potentially use mesenchymal stem cells, which are multipotent cells that can develop into chondrocytes (among other cell types).
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Be109normalmousefibroblasts.jpg|thumb|225px|left|'''Normal Mouse Fibroblasts; Photographs courtesy of G. Steven Martin''']]
 +
[[Image:Be109transformedmousefibroblasts.jpg|thumb|225px|center|'''Transformed Mouse Fibroblasts; Photographs courtesy of G. Steven Martin''']]
 
<br style="clear:both;"/>
 
<br style="clear:both;"/>
−
The accomplishments of the natural world can inspire us to great engineering feats. Biomineralization is one particularly impressive trick nature pulls off. Vertebrates, invertebrates and plants all have ways to precisely position inorganic substrates into crystalline order. For example, calcium carbonate will form unstructured dust in the absence of genetically-programmed organizers, but the same material can be made into the hard and luminous shells of sea creatures. Similarly, diatoms organize silicon dioxide into intricate patterns that manufacturers of electronic components can’t begin to approach. In one more instance, bacteria align iron inside their cytoplasm to form magnetic rods on the submicron scale. These feats are accomplished without harsh chemicals, without extreme temperatures, and without noxious wastes that poison the nests of the organisms themselves. Humans have a lot to learn from nature’s successes. In the upcoming weeks we’ll use a virus that infects bacteria, namely the bacteriophage M13, and we'll rely on the self-assembling coat of this virus to template carbon nanotubes or gold nanoparticles and TiO2. The interaction of these materials with a protein on the phage coat yields nanoscale-particles with useful energetic properties, as we’ll see.
 
  
−
===About M13===
+
Next time you will prepare cultures of bovine-derived cells in alginate beads according to the experimental design that you develop today.
−
M13 bacteriophage is a member of the filamentous phage family. This well studied phage is roughly 880 nm long, has a diameter of about 6.5 nm, and a mass of approximately 16.3 MDa. Of this mass, 87% is accounted for by the structural coat proteins which encase the single stranded DNA genome of about 6.4 kb. The M13 genome encodes 11 proteins, five of which compose the phage’s protein coat and six of which are involved in phage maturation inside its ''E. coli'' host. The phage coat is primarily assembled from a 50 amino acid protein called pVIII (or p8), which is sensibly enough encoded by gene VIII (or g8) in the phage genome. For a wild type M13, there are approximately 2,700 copies of p8 which pack together to build the majority of the ~880 nm long coat. The coat's dimensions are flexible though and the number of p8 copies adjusts to accommodate the size of the single stranded genome it packages. In contrast, there are typically only about five copies of each of the other four coat proteins, located at opposite ends of the mature virion. Of note, pIII (or p3) is a 406 amino acid protein found at one end of the phage, and is responsible for recognizing the host ''E. coli''. From a biological engineering perspective, this bacteriophage provides an efficient and modular platform allowing for either random or specific genetic alterations of the phage DNA to be related to phenotypic changes of the phage surface. For example, genetically encoded fusions to the surface coat proteins can be used to display peptides with the ability to bind materials with which the wild type phage would normally not interact.
+
−
[[Image:Macintosh HD-Users-nkuldell-Desktop-M13vsMicrophage.png|thumb|700 px|left|Electron micrographs of microphage described by Specthrie et al[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=1469710&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum]], images courtesy of Esther Bullitt]] <br>
+
−
[[Image:Macintosh HD-Users-nkuldell-Desktop-GnmEng coverart S07.jpg|thumb|400 px|right| E. coli shedding M13 with p3 mutation, image courtesy of M. Russel and schematic of M13 genome, image courtesy of M. Blaber]]
+
  
−
===Phage life-cycle===
+
==Protocols==
−
The general stages to a viral life cycle are: infection, replication of the viral genome, assembly of new viral particles and then release of the progeny particles from the host. Filamentous phages use a protein at their tip, namely p3, to contact a bacterial structure known as the F pilus to infect ''E. coli''. Through mechanisms which are not fully elucidated, the phage genome is then translocated into the cytoplasm of the bacteria where resident proteins convert the single stranded DNA genome to a double stranded replicative form (RF). This DNA then serves as a template for expression of the phage genes and produces new phage particles that shed off the surface of the infected cell. While other phage are known to lyse their host cells, M13 and ''E. coli'' co-exist in a balanced way, allowing the growth of both host and virus, although the infection does slow down the doubling time of the ''E. coli'', causing plaques to form in a bacterial lawn.
+
  
−
===Phage display===
+
You will be lucky enough today to have the full lab period to complete your experimental design, as you have already completed practice (and real!) cell culture during Module 2.
  
−
[[Image:Phagefusions.png|thumb| 150 px| phage display]][http://www.dyax.com/our-technology/phage-display-discovery-tool.html Phage display] has been used for decades as a tool for discovery. This technique exploits natural selection and identifies functional peptide sequences that can be fused to the phage coat. Fusions are usually added to either p3 or p8, with p3 accommodating larger peptides and p8 providing higher valency, in general. A library of genetic sequences encoding random peptides can be synthesized and cloned into the M13 genome; in this way a pool of phage each with different peptide fusions can be made. Finally, the phage pool can be screened for interesting behaviors or properties. Peptide-fusion proteins to p8 or p3 that include stop codons or intolerable sequences are largely lost from the population after the first round of “panning.” Other phage that can bind to a substance of interest or show enzyme activity or glow green…, these remain and can be directly isolated from the pool or further enriched by a second, third, fourth round of panning. Ultimately anywhere from 10 to 1000 candidate sequences may remain from a starting pool of 1 billion [http://www.dyax.com/discovery/phagedisplay.html].
+
===Part 1: Experiment design===
  
−
Despite phage display techniques being available for more than a generation, this tool has been applied only recently to the search for novel materials. Largely it’s been Angela Belcher and her lab who highlighted and then demonstrated the usefulness of this search tool for finding peptides that interact with materials to meet human needs. That M13 could interact with inorganic materials could not have been predicted from the original genetic studies on the phage, but there was also no one who had tried it. Phage that can bind to cobalt oxide, gold, iridium and indium tin oxide are all in-hand thanks to their work (e.g see reference [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5775/885]). Today you will harvest phage that can bind to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), gold nanoparticles, and TiO<sub>2</sub> since these can be used to build nanocomposites that will be assembled into a photovoltaic device before this module is over.
+
The overall goal of this module is to test the effect of the surrounding environment on cell phenotype. In particular, you will work with primary chondrocytes and/or mesenchymal stem cells in 3D gel culture. The specific aspects of phenotype assayed will be collagen I and collagen II transcript and protein levels (these are markers for cell type), as well as proteoglycan levels and the general cell characteristic of viability. You will be able to compare some of the data in your 3D culture experiments with control data from freshly isolated chondrocytes and stem cells.  
  
−
==Protocols==
+
Each pair of you will test two samples. Both samples will be grown in 3D alginate bead culture, and should have one parameter varied between them. For example, you might try changing the mechanical properties of the beads (how would you do this?), or the cell density within the beads. Be as creative as you like! If your protocol requires a new reagent or equipment to be ordered, we will do our best to get it in time. Of course, two samples is not very many for determining a trend. You are more than welcome to join up with another group or two in order to expand the range of the parameter you are testing (e.g., testing four cell densities instead of two). If everyone wants to test something different, that’s okay too.
  
−
Pre-lab work:
+
Most of you should explore conditions for maintaining or destroying chondrocyte phenotype &ndash; recall from lecture that chondrocytes grown without proper signals, for example in simple monolayer culture, tend to de-differentiate to a fibroblastic phenotype over time. We will also have some mesenchymal stem cells for a few groups to work with in order to investigate conditions that promote chondrogenesis. '''Please check in with the teaching faculty about your proposed experiment as you develop it, because we have a limited amount of each cell type.'''
  
−
In preparation for this lab, a bacterial host E. coli K12 ER2738 (New England Biolabs) was infected with the M13 phage clone named DSPH. A second batch of host cells was infected with the M13 phage clone named p8#9. This infection allowed for amplification of phage as the bacterial culture was incubated over night. These particular phage clones are modified with an 8 amino acid addition to the surface-exposed terminus of the p8 protein, DSPHTELP in the case of DSPH and VSGSSPDS in the case of the p8#9 phage. Both phage were obtained by panning, starting with a library of p8 mutants and isolating phage that could bind materials. The DSPH clone can bind single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) ([[doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.50]]) while the p8#9 phage can bind thin gold films ([[PMID: 16178252]]).  
+
One change to the module this year is that you will grow your cells for 9 days, rather than either 7 days (as last year) or 12 days (as during most past years). There are pros and cons to this timing that we will discuss further in class. The main con is less time for samples in different conditions to diverge in phenotype from each other. With that drawback in mind, we'll summarize below a few experiments that yielded the most dramatic phenotype differences in the past. The main pro of growing a shorter time appears to be less time for protein and proteoglycans that are produced to then degrade. There is a balance between production and degradation under our culture conditions, and who knows, maybe 9 will strike a happy medium between 7 and 12.
  
−
Today, you will isolate phage from the infected bacterial culture and measure its concentration using the spectrophotometer. Finally, you will bind the phage to SWNTs or gold nanoparticles. These phage will be used as a template for TiO2 nanowire synthesis incorporated in the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) in future lab sessions.
+
* Addition of TGF-&beta;1 to ''chondrocyte'' culture
 +
* MSC growth in 1% vs 2.5% low viscosity alginate
 +
* Some alternative growth factors and additives for each cell type
  
−
===Part 1: Phage purification===
+
We'll have more info available during class on a need-to-know basis :)  But please do explore ideas on your own first!
−
#Divide the overnight culture (~80 ml volume) into 2 x 50 ml conical tubes.
+
−
#'''Label the tubes with your group color and phage type.'''
+
−
#Spin 10,000 rpm, 10 minutes using a fixed angle rotor. You will be shown where down the hall you can find a centrifuge to spin this volume.
+
−
#Transfer the supernatant to new 50 ml conical tubes, splitting the supernatant between them. The transfer should be done with a plastic pipet and a bulb so you can measure the volume of supernatant.
+
−
#Add a 1/6th that volume of 20% PEG-8000/2.5M NaCl solution.
+
−
#Invert to mix, then incubate on ice 60 minutes. During this time, you can finish up your reflections, or start thinking about the culminating 20.109 assignment described [[20.109(F13):Module_3_oral_presentations| here.]]
+
−
#Spin at 11,000 rpm for 15 minutes. A white pellet may be visible: these are your precipitated phage. If you can't see a pellet keep going, but be aware of where the pellet you can't see is in the tube and don't scrape a tip against it or you will accidentally remove it. Hint: Mark the tube where you expect the pellet to form when as you load it into the centrifuge.
+
−
#Remove the supernatant by pouring most down the sink and the rest with aspiration (carefully so as not to disturb the pellet).
+
−
#Resuspend the pellet in 3 ml sterile H<sub>2</sub>O. This is best done by adding 3 ml of H<sub>2</sub>O to one of the conical tubes, washing the water up and down the side of the tube with the phage pellet, and then moving the 3 ml of phage solution to the second tube and dissolving that pellet as well by washing the water up and down the side of the tube.
+
−
#Split the phage solution between three eppendorf tubes. For this part of the protocol, you will be given special eppendorf tubes that can hold 2 ml.
+
−
#Spin tubes in a room temperature microfuge for 1 minute to remove residual bacterial residues. Transfer supernatant to fresh eppendorf tubes.
+
−
#Add a 1/6th volume of 20% PEG-8000/2.5M NaCl solution.
+
−
#Invert to mix, then incubate on ice for 15 minutes.
+
−
#Spin the tubes full speed in a microfuge for 10 minutes.
+
−
#Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellets (if you can see them) in 0.2 ml TBS--using 0.2 ml to resuspend one pellet and moving that volume to resuspend the next pellet, and then moving that volume again to resuspend the third pellet.  This is your phage stock (yay!).
+
−
#If the solution looks at all cloudy, spin in a room temperature microfuge for 1 minute more and move supernatant with the phage to a new tube.
+
  
−
===Part 2: Measuring concentration of phage===
+
'''Ultimately, your group or super-group should hand in the following information before you leave today:'''
−
With this technique you will calculate the concentration of phage in your stock using the spectrophotometer. This method can approximate the number of phage based on the ability of the virions to absorb ultraviolet light. The number of phage is calculated by the formula: <br><center>
+
−
Number of phage particles/ml = (6x10^16)*(A269 - A320)/(#DNA Bases in the genome of the phage) <br></center>
+
−
where
+
−
*the molar extinction coefficient of the phage and the average size of a DNA base are used collected into the constant
+
−
*the absorbance at 269 nm reflects the protein and DNA content in the solution
+
−
*the absorbance at 320 nm corrects for the naturally high baseline value of the solution
+
−
*the number of DNA bases in DSPH is ~7220.
+
−
This method for titering the phage stock is less informative than the traditional plaque method (known as titering) since materials other than phage might be contributing to the absorbance readings. Thus, the number of infectious particles isn't truly known. Since infectivity is not critical for the synthesis of SWNT-TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires,however, we will be using spectrophotometry only. 
+
  
−
#Dilute the phage stock you have 1:10 by adding 70 ul of the phage to 630 ul of TBS, vortex to mix and then move this solution to a quartz (not plastic!) cuvette.
+
* Type of alginate to be used (of the two available)
−
#*A few things to be aware of when using quartz cuvettes:
+
* Precise % of alginate to be used
−
#**They are very expensive.
+
* Cell type to be used
−
#**The lab has very few.
+
* Cell density per condition (in cells/mL)
−
#**When you are done using your cuvette, you should carefully clean it by shaking out the contents into the sink and rinsing it once with 70% EtOH, then two times with water. Quartz cuvettes get most of their chips and cracks when someone is shaking out the contents since it is so easy for the cuvette to slip from wet fingers or be hit against the sink. Don’t let this happen to you. 
+
* Total number of cells needed
−
#Read the absorbances of your phage dilution at 269 and 320, using TBS in a second quartz cuvette to blank the spectrophotometer at each wavelength.
+
* Unique medium formulations or supplements to be used
−
#Calculate the number of phage particles/ml using the formula shown above.
+
* Unique systems (mechanical, electrical, etc.) to be used
  
−
===Part 3: Binding phage to solar cell enhancers: Complexing phage with SWNTs / Complexing phage with gold nanoparticles===
+
Note: Per 3D sample, you will prepare 1 mL of alginate beads (thus a cell density of 10 million cells per mL would require 10 million cells per sample, 20 million total).  
−
The class will be optimizing the solar cell's performance by comparing the influence of gold nanoparticles versus SWNT’s on efficiency metrics.  In order to make the best use of our time, each team will bind their phage to one of the material/concentration parameters in the table below.  Performance results between all groups and conditions will be compared after solar cell assembly at the end of the module.  
+
  
−
{|border = 1
+
'''As discussed in the pre-lab lecture, you should also write a brief summary of at least '''4''' of the papers that you read/skimmed today in your notebook.'''
−
!Group (T/R)
+
−
!Material       
+
−
!Ratio (material:phage)
+
−
!Group (W/F)
+
−
!Material       
+
−
!Ratio (material:phage)
+
−
|--
+
−
|Red
+
−
|SWNT           
+
−
|1:1 (SWNT:phage) 
+
−
|Red
+
−
|SWNT           
+
−
|1:1 (SWNT:phage)                         
+
−
|--
+
−
|Orange                
+
−
|SWNT
+
−
|2.5:1 (SWNT:phage)     
+
−
|Orange
+
−
|SWNT
+
−
|2.5:1 (SWNT:phage)
+
−
|--
+
−
|Yellow               
+
−
|SWNT             
+
−
|5:1 (SWNT:phage)        
+
−
|Yellow 
+
−
|SWNT             
+
−
|5:1 (SWNT:phage)
+
−
|--
+
−
|Green
+
−
|SWNT           
+
−
|5:1 (SWNT:phage)         
+
−
|Green   
+
−
|SWNT
+
−
|2.5:1 (SWNT:phage)             
+
−
|--
+
−
|Blue                
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|1:1 (AuNP:phage)   
+
−
|Blue 
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|1:1 (AuNP:phage) 
+
−
|--
+
−
|Pink                
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|5:1 (AuNP:phage) 
+
−
|Pink            
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|1:1 (AuNP:phage) 
+
−
|--
+
−
|Purple                
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|5:1 (AuNP:phage)     
+
−
|Purple
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|5:1 (AuNP:phage)
+
−
|--
+
−
|Gray                
+
−
|AuNP
+
−
|10:1 (AuNP:phage)     
+
−
|N/A
+
−
|
+
−
|
+
−
|--
+
−
|White             
+
−
|AuNP               
+
−
|10:1 (AuNP:phage)    
+
−
|White   
+
−
|AuNP               
+
−
|10:1 (AuNP:phage)
+
−
|}
+
  
−
===Part 3a: Complexing phage with SWNTs ===
+
====Materials available for 3D culture====
  
−
The table below indicates the appropriate mass and phage particles to use, assuming a phage concentration of about 4x10^13 phage/ml. If the phage stock you have isolated is lower or higher, you will have to adjust the mass of SWNTs accordingly.
+
{| border="1"
−
{|border = 1
+
|Alginate company
−
!
+
|Alginate name
−
!SWNTs (ug)      
+
|Viscosity (reference standard)
−
!phage (# of particles)*
+
|G/M Ratio
−
|--
+
|Suggested use (%)
−
|1:1
+
|-
−
|40           
+
|Sigma Aldrich
−
|4x10^13                           
+
| "low viscosity"
−
|--
+
|250 cps at 2%
−
|2.5:1                
+
|~40:60
−
|100
+
|~1.5-3
−
|4x10^13       
+
|-
−
|--
+
|Sigma Aldrich
−
|5:1               
+
| "medium viscosity"
−
|200               
+
|2000 cps at 2%
−
|4x10^13        
+
|~40:60
 +
|~1-2
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
*Volume of phage should be between 0.5 and 5 ml to give this number of phage particles<br>
 
−
# Prepare the tubing you'll need for dialysis. We will use dialysis tubing with a molecular weight cutoff of 12,000-14,000 against a pH'd solution of NaCl in order to change the electrostatic properties of the phage inside the bag. You should always wear gloves when handling the dialysis tubing.
 
−
# Cut a length of tubing that is 20 cm long for the narrow tubing, or 7 cm for the wide tubing.
 
−
# Soak the tubing in 50 ml dH<sub>2</sub>O in a falcon tube. It is recommended that the tubing soaks for 20 minutes, but a shorter time is fine too.
 
−
# Clips for the tubing are numbered in pairs and you should note which pair you have. '''Next time, this number will be the only way to distinguish your sample from the others.'''
 
−
# Open both clips. Remove the tubing from the water with a gloved hand and close one end with a clip, leaving ~0.5 cm overhang.
 
−
# Use a P1000 to transfer the phage solution to the tubing, being careful not to drop the tubing (it's slippery!) or let the liquid squirt out (so fill the tubing slowly with the tip low in the tubing).
 
−
# Use a P1000 to transfer the appropriate volume of SWNTs to the bag, along with additional 2% sodium cholate solution such that the total volume of SWNTs and sodium cholate is comparable to volume of phage solution previously added. Sodium cholate is a SWNT surfactant, and this additional step helps keep the SWNTs well dispersed as they begin to interact with the phage.
 
−
# Clamp the other end and dialyze the bag in 1 liter of 10mM NaCl, pH 5.3, with the other samples from the class.  You may need to tie some teflon tape around the end of one of your clips and secure the other end of the teflon tape out of the liquid in order to keep your tubing from getting bashed around by the magnetic stir bar. After 2 hours, the NaCl will be replaced with fresh 10mM NaCl, pH 5.3. Tomorrow, one of the teaching faculty will refresh the beaker with clean 10mM NaCl, pH 10 and the samples will remain in the beaker at room temperature until you return to lab.
 
  
−
===Part 3b: Complexing phage with Gold nanoparticles ===
+
Collagen I and II gels can also be ordered upon request. Keep in mind that using collagen directly will confound your protein assay results (unless you devise some controls), but not the transcript-level assay results.
−
# The concentration of gold nanoparticles is 5x10^13 particles/ml. Calculate the amount of solution you require to complex at the correct ratio of nanoparticles to phage. 
+
−
# Obtain a glass scintillation vial and mix phage and nanoparticles together. Store in the refrigerator and leave it until you return to lab.
+
  
−
===Clean up===
+
====Standard stem cell media====
−
*The quartz cuvettes can be returned, clean, to the instructors bench at the front of the room.
+
  
−
+
*Differentiation medium
 +
**Hi-glucose DMEM
 +
** FCS and/or ITS+1 (insulin/transferrin/selenium)
 +
**Penicillin/Streptomycin (antibiotic)
 +
**Amphotericin B (antimycotic)
 +
**Non-essential amino acids
 +
**Sodium pyruvate
 +
**Proline (400 &mu;M)
 +
**HEPES (10 mM)
 +
**Chondrogenic factors
 +
***TGF-beta1 (10 ng/mL)
 +
***Dexamethasone (100 nM)
 +
***Ascorbate (40 &mu;g/mL)
  
−
DONE!
+
*Expansion medium (only for your reference)
 +
**Low-glucose DMEM
 +
**10% FCS
 +
**Penicillin/Streptomycin
 +
**Amphotericin B
 +
**HEPES buffer, 10 mM (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)
 +
**up to 5 ng/mL bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor)
  
−
==For next time==
+
====Standard chondrocyte media====
  
−
Take a break! :)
+
*Growth medium
 +
**Hi-glucose DMEM
 +
**10% FCS (or 2% FCS with ITS, for more defined media)
 +
**Penicillin/Streptomycin (antibiotic)
 +
**Amphotericin B (antimycotic)
 +
**Non-essential amino acids
 +
**Sodium pyruvate
 +
**Proline (400 &mu;M)
 +
**HEPES (10 mM)
 +
**Ascorbate(20 &mu;g/mL)
  
−
==Reagents list==
+
*Isolation media (only for your reference)
−
'''20% PEG 8000, 2.5 M NaCl<br>'''
+
**More info soon
 +
**Digest with pronase 1 hour, then collagenase overnight
 +
 
 +
==For next time==
  
−
'''TBS<br>'''
+
#Module 3, Day 2 will happen in two distinct shifts. Sign up for either the 1 pm or the 3 pm Day 2 session on that day's [[Talk:20.109%28S14%29:Initiate_cell_culture_%28Day2%29 | Talk page]]. If your culture requires complicated preparations, you will be asked to join the second group. Be sure to tell the teaching faculty a brief description of your plans before leaving today. 
−
* 50 mM Tris
+
#Familiarize yourself with the cell culture portion of [[20.109(S14):Initiate_cell_culture_%28Day2%29 | Day 2]] of this module. The better prepared we all are, the less likely it is that the day will run long. The hoods will be set up for you when you come in.
−
* 150 mM NaCl
+
#Write a two or three sentence description of your design plan and expected assay results, and post it on the Day 2 Talk page by 11 pm Tuesday or Wednesday, respectively. (Assay result expectations should be stated in a relative fashion: e.g., "we think [3D sample 1] will maintain a chondrocyte-like phenotype better than [3D sample 2], because..." You might also comment on cell viability, if you expect it to vary among your samples.) '''This posting will count for homework credit.'''
−
* pH 7.6
+
−
'''SWNTs'''
+
−
*Stock prepared by Belcher lab (thank you!!) = 200 ug/ml
+
−
'''10mM NaCl'''
+
−
*0.5844 g/liter, pH to 5.3 or 10
+
−
'''gold nanoparticles'''
+
−
* Ted Pella 10nm gold particles
+
  
 
==Navigation Links==
 
==Navigation Links==
−
Next Day: [http://openwetware.org/wiki/20.109%28F13%29:_Mod_3_Day_2_Phage_nanowires Mod 3 Day 2: Phage Nanowires]
+
Next Day: [[20.109(S14):Initiate cell culture (Day2)| Initiate cell culture]]
−
Previous Day: [http://openwetware.org/wiki/20.109%28F13%29:Journal_club_II_%28Day8%29 Mod 2 Day 8: Journal Club II]
+

Latest revision as of 13:58, 29 July 2015


20.109(S14): Laboratory Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

Feliks signaling-network-crop.jpg

Home        Schedule Spring 2014        Assignments       
Module 1        Module 2        Module 3              

Introduction

Today we will continue the discussion that we began in lecture about cell-biomaterial interactions and cartilage tissue engineering, with the ultimate goal of designing an experiment probing chondrocyte phenotype development and/or maintenance. Several papers on chondrocyte tissue culture and cartilage tissue engineering will be available in class, and you are also welcome to search the scientific literature on your own for further ideas.

A major part of this module will involve tissue culture; however, instead of growing cells on a 2D surface, you will grow them in 3D! During Module 2 you were exposed to general background about tissue culture (particularly in the Day 1 introduction). One topic that we didn't yet discuss is much about immortalized cells and where they come from. One familiar type of immortalized cell is the cancer cell. Tumor cells continuously divide, allowing cancer to invade tissues and proliferate. In this respect, cancer cells behave the same way in culture as in vivo, and under the right conditions cells taken from a tumor can divide indefinitely in vitro. Another type of immortalized cell is the embryonic stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are derived from an early stage embryo, and these cells are completely undifferentiated and pluripotent, which means that under the right conditions, they can become any mammalian cell type. Mouse embryonic stem cells have become a valuable research tool. They are also our go-to cell type when we do practice tissue culture in 20.109, as they grow even faster and more densely than CHO cells! You will not use embryonic stem cells during Module 3, but you will potentially use mesenchymal stem cells, which are multipotent cells that can develop into chondrocytes (among other cell types).

Normal Mouse Fibroblasts; Photographs courtesy of G. Steven Martin
Transformed Mouse Fibroblasts; Photographs courtesy of G. Steven Martin


Next time you will prepare cultures of bovine-derived cells in alginate beads according to the experimental design that you develop today.

Protocols

You will be lucky enough today to have the full lab period to complete your experimental design, as you have already completed practice (and real!) cell culture during Module 2.

Part 1: Experiment design

The overall goal of this module is to test the effect of the surrounding environment on cell phenotype. In particular, you will work with primary chondrocytes and/or mesenchymal stem cells in 3D gel culture. The specific aspects of phenotype assayed will be collagen I and collagen II transcript and protein levels (these are markers for cell type), as well as proteoglycan levels and the general cell characteristic of viability. You will be able to compare some of the data in your 3D culture experiments with control data from freshly isolated chondrocytes and stem cells.

Each pair of you will test two samples. Both samples will be grown in 3D alginate bead culture, and should have one parameter varied between them. For example, you might try changing the mechanical properties of the beads (how would you do this?), or the cell density within the beads. Be as creative as you like! If your protocol requires a new reagent or equipment to be ordered, we will do our best to get it in time. Of course, two samples is not very many for determining a trend. You are more than welcome to join up with another group or two in order to expand the range of the parameter you are testing (e.g., testing four cell densities instead of two). If everyone wants to test something different, that’s okay too.

Most of you should explore conditions for maintaining or destroying chondrocyte phenotype – recall from lecture that chondrocytes grown without proper signals, for example in simple monolayer culture, tend to de-differentiate to a fibroblastic phenotype over time. We will also have some mesenchymal stem cells for a few groups to work with in order to investigate conditions that promote chondrogenesis. Please check in with the teaching faculty about your proposed experiment as you develop it, because we have a limited amount of each cell type.

One change to the module this year is that you will grow your cells for 9 days, rather than either 7 days (as last year) or 12 days (as during most past years). There are pros and cons to this timing that we will discuss further in class. The main con is less time for samples in different conditions to diverge in phenotype from each other. With that drawback in mind, we'll summarize below a few experiments that yielded the most dramatic phenotype differences in the past. The main pro of growing a shorter time appears to be less time for protein and proteoglycans that are produced to then degrade. There is a balance between production and degradation under our culture conditions, and who knows, maybe 9 will strike a happy medium between 7 and 12.

  • Addition of TGF-β1 to chondrocyte culture
  • MSC growth in 1% vs 2.5% low viscosity alginate
  • Some alternative growth factors and additives for each cell type

We'll have more info available during class on a need-to-know basis :) But please do explore ideas on your own first!

Ultimately, your group or super-group should hand in the following information before you leave today:

  • Type of alginate to be used (of the two available)
  • Precise % of alginate to be used
  • Cell type to be used
  • Cell density per condition (in cells/mL)
  • Total number of cells needed
  • Unique medium formulations or supplements to be used
  • Unique systems (mechanical, electrical, etc.) to be used

Note: Per 3D sample, you will prepare 1 mL of alginate beads (thus a cell density of 10 million cells per mL would require 10 million cells per sample, 20 million total).

As discussed in the pre-lab lecture, you should also write a brief summary of at least 4 of the papers that you read/skimmed today in your notebook.

Materials available for 3D culture

Alginate company Alginate name Viscosity (reference standard) G/M Ratio Suggested use (%)
Sigma Aldrich "low viscosity" 250 cps at 2% ~40:60 ~1.5-3
Sigma Aldrich "medium viscosity" 2000 cps at 2% ~40:60 ~1-2

Collagen I and II gels can also be ordered upon request. Keep in mind that using collagen directly will confound your protein assay results (unless you devise some controls), but not the transcript-level assay results.

Standard stem cell media

  • Differentiation medium
    • Hi-glucose DMEM
    • FCS and/or ITS+1 (insulin/transferrin/selenium)
    • Penicillin/Streptomycin (antibiotic)
    • Amphotericin B (antimycotic)
    • Non-essential amino acids
    • Sodium pyruvate
    • Proline (400 μM)
    • HEPES (10 mM)
    • Chondrogenic factors
      • TGF-beta1 (10 ng/mL)
      • Dexamethasone (100 nM)
      • Ascorbate (40 μg/mL)
  • Expansion medium (only for your reference)
    • Low-glucose DMEM
    • 10% FCS
    • Penicillin/Streptomycin
    • Amphotericin B
    • HEPES buffer, 10 mM (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)
    • up to 5 ng/mL bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor)

Standard chondrocyte media

  • Growth medium
    • Hi-glucose DMEM
    • 10% FCS (or 2% FCS with ITS, for more defined media)
    • Penicillin/Streptomycin (antibiotic)
    • Amphotericin B (antimycotic)
    • Non-essential amino acids
    • Sodium pyruvate
    • Proline (400 μM)
    • HEPES (10 mM)
    • Ascorbate(20 μg/mL)
  • Isolation media (only for your reference)
    • More info soon
    • Digest with pronase 1 hour, then collagenase overnight

For next time

  1. Module 3, Day 2 will happen in two distinct shifts. Sign up for either the 1 pm or the 3 pm Day 2 session on that day's Talk page. If your culture requires complicated preparations, you will be asked to join the second group. Be sure to tell the teaching faculty a brief description of your plans before leaving today.
  2. Familiarize yourself with the cell culture portion of Day 2 of this module. The better prepared we all are, the less likely it is that the day will run long. The hoods will be set up for you when you come in.
  3. Write a two or three sentence description of your design plan and expected assay results, and post it on the Day 2 Talk page by 11 pm Tuesday or Wednesday, respectively. (Assay result expectations should be stated in a relative fashion: e.g., "we think [3D sample 1] will maintain a chondrocyte-like phenotype better than [3D sample 2], because..." You might also comment on cell viability, if you expect it to vary among your samples.) This posting will count for homework credit.

Navigation Links

Next Day: Initiate cell culture
Retrieved from "http://engineerbiology.org/w/index.php?title=20.109(S14):Design_experiment_(Day1)&oldid=25543"